Organic apple production in Washington State has steadily increased since 1991. Acreage surged in 1980 due to the Alar crisis, but most farms reverted to conventional methods after one season due to challenges in controlling codling moth (Cydia pomonella) and collapsing market prices amid rising supply. Success in organic farming requires growers to manage risks on both production (by offering diverse solutions) and market sides (by reducing costs to minimize reliance on price premiums).

To support organic apple growers, a 1994 survey analyzed the experiential knowledge of selected producers. Respondents’ experience ranged from a couple of years to over two decades, with farm sizes varying from one to 200 acres. The survey explored the evolution of cultural practices, detailing successes and challenges related to farm history, pest control, and economic considerations. Growers also identified sources of information and unmet needs.

Fourteen organic apple producers in Washington were interviewed to uncover common successes and barriers. Key findings include:

1. Mating disruption is the primary method for managing codling moth.
2. Production practices depend on internal factors (e.g., pest populations, tree health) and external factors (e.g., market prices, availability of materials).
3. Multiple strategies are employed simultaneously for effective pest control.
4. Enhancing habitats for beneficial organisms and ecological diversity helps reduce pesticide reliance.
5. Improved fruit quality and reduced disease are attributed to active organic fertility management.
6. Labor constitutes the largest cost increase in organic production.
7. Although initial production costs are higher than conventional methods, net returns often improve over time and surpass those of conventional orchards.

While no single “recipe” exists for organic apple production, experienced growers advocate for diverse pest management techniques, proactive soil fertility management, and ongoing experimentation to identify cost-effective practices.